一行命令、一页参数，快速搞定文本/网表/规则文件对比。

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1. 最常用：三行搞定

diff file1 file2              # 直接看差异
diff file1 file2 > result.txt # 结果重定向
diff -u file1 file2           # 统一格式（patch 常用）

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2. 场景速配

需求	命令示例
只看是否不同	diff -q file1 file2
忽略空格/空行	diff -bB file1 file2
忽略大小写	diff -i file1 file2
递归比较目录	diff -r dir1 dir2
并排显示	diff -y --suppress-common-lines file1 file2
生成补丁	diff -uNr old/ new/ > fix.patch

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3. 关键参数速记

参数	作用
-u / -U N	统一上下文 N 行（patch 友好）
-y	左右并列，一眼对齐
-r	递归目录
-b / -w	忽略空格 / 所有空白
-B	忽略空行
-i	忽略大小写
-q	仅给出“是否不同”的结论
--exclude=*.bak	跳过备份文件

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4. 结果速读

2c2                 # 第 2 行被 change
3a4                 # 第 3 行后 add 一行
5d4                 # 第 5 行被 delete

统一格式 -u 输出可直接用 patch 应用。

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5. 实例：IC 版图常用

# 1) 网表差异
diff -u top.v.old top.v.new > top.patch

# 2) rule 文件忽略空格
diff -b rule1.drc rule2.drc

# 3) 目录递归，跳过 .svn
diff -r --exclude=.svn rtl_old rtl_new | less

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记住 diff -u 和 diff -y，日常 90 % 场景全搞定。

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